viernes, 30 de septiembre de 2022

Bienvenid@s al fascinante mundo de la conversación - Dra. Estrella Montolío



Mi pregunta (allá por el minuto 60).

Enhorabuena por la charla. La pregunta que hice se refería a esta otra modalidad de conversaciones no presenciales que son las conversaciones escritas por Internet. (Puse el ejemplo del sitio en red The Conversation, supuestamente dedicado a potenciar la divulgación académica y la conversación). Es cierto que no son 'conversaciones' en sentido estricto, aunque en cierta manera tengan el potencial de ser un subgénero conversacional. Y también es cierto que pocas veces dan lugar a auténticas conversaciones, aunque algunos elementos del medio (el potencial ritmo lento, por ejemplo) podrían favorecerlas. Habría que preguntarse por qué es así, y quizá aprender a desarrollar este tipo de conversación pública en la red.

 

The Conversation sobre las vacunas Covid

 

—oOo—

FYLmaciones

 

miércoles, 28 de septiembre de 2022

Hilary Mantel dies

 

BBC News. "Wolf Hall Author Hilary Mantel Dies Aged 70." BBC News 24 Sept. 2022.*

https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-63007307

         2022


martes, 27 de septiembre de 2022

El mundo, puro teatro

 Retropost, 2012:


En mi nueva asignatura de teatro inglés estoy tomando como Leitmotiv o hilo conductor la analogía entre el mundo y el teatro, o la vida como representación dramática, y lo que sucede cuando el teatro de la vida pasa a representarse en el teatro del teatro. Entre los que han reflexionado sobre estas cuestiones, aparte de Shakespeare, me encuentro a Henry Fielding, que en Tom Jones (libro VII, cap. 1), ofrece una irónica

Comparación entre el mundo y el escenario

El mundo con frecuencia se ha comparado al teatro, y muchos escritores serios, además de los poetas, han considerado la vida humana como un gran drama, semejante casi en todo punto a las representaciones escénicas que según se dice fueron inventadas por Tespis, y que han sido siempre recibidas con tanta aprobación y deleite en todas los países civilizados.

Esta noción se ha llevado hasta tal extremo, y se ha extendido tanto, que algunas palabras que son propias del teatro, y que se aplicaban al principio al mundo de modo metafórico, ahora se usan indistinta y literalmente para ambos: así, escenario y escena se han hecho tan corrientes y familiares por su uso general, cuando hablamos de la vida en general, como cuando nos limitamos a las representaciones dramáticas; y cuando hablamos de lo que pasa entre bambalinas, es más probable que estemos pensando en St James [el centro de la vida social de la clase alta de Londres] antes que en el teatro de Drury Lane.

Puede parecer bastante sencillo explicar todo esto, si pensamos que la escena teatral no es sino una representación, o, como la llama Aristóteles, una imitación de lo que existe realmente; y de aquí se deriva quizás que podríamos en justicia alabar altamente a quienes por sus escritos o actuaciones han sido tan capaces de imitar la vida de modo tan capaz, que sus imágenes en cierto modo se funden o se confunden con el original.



 

Pero, en realidad, no somos tan dados a prodigar alabanzas a estas gentes, a quienes con frecuencia tratamos igual que los niños a los instrumentos de su diversión; y obtenemos tanto placer al abuchearlos y darles bofetadas, como al admirar su excelencia. Hay muchas otras razones que nos han inducido a ver esta analogía entre el mundo y el teatro.

Algunos han contemplado a la mayor parte de la humanidad a la luz de los actores, como si interpretasen personajes que no son más suyos, y sobre los que no tienen de hecho mayor título de propiedad, del que tiene un actor para hacerse pasar seriamente por el rey o el emperador al que está representando. Así, puede decirse que el hipócrita es un actor, y de hecho los griegos los llamaban a los dos con la misma palabra exactamente.

La brevedad de la vida también ha dado lugar a esta comparación. Así el inmortal Shakespear.


—La vida es un mal actor
que atruena su hora y la pavonea por el escenario,
y luego ya no se oye más de él.

Cita muy sobada, por lo que compensaré al lector con otra muy noble, que creo que pocos han leído. Viene de un poema llamado La Deidad, publicado hace unos nueve años y enterrado en el olvido hace ya tiempo. Prueba de que los buenos no siempre viven más que los malos, ni entre los hombres ni entre los libros:


¡De tí [de la Deidad] viene la fuente de toda acción humana,
los imperios que se alzan, y la caída de los reyes!
!Ved cómo se muestra el vasto teatro del tiempo,
mientras un héroe tras otro va pisando el escenario!
¡Con pompa se suceden las deslumbrantes imágenes,
qué líderes triunfan, y qué monarcas se desangran!
Interpretan los papeles asignados por tu Providencia,
sus orgullos y sus pasiones tendentes son a tus fines:
un tiempo relucen a la luz del día,
y luego, con un gesto tuyo, desaparecen como fantasmas;
¡no queda ni rastro de todo el ajetreo de la escena,
a no ser el recuerdo, que dice que tales cosas han sido!

En todos estos, sin embargo, y en cualquier otra analogía entre la vida y el teatro, el parecido siempre se ha referido al escenario. Nadie, que yo recuerde, ha tomado en consideración el público de este gran drama.

Pero como la naturaleza a menudo exhibe algunas de sus mejores representaciones ante un teatro muy lleno, el comportamiento de los espectadores no menos que el de los actores se presta a la mencionada comparación. En este vasto teatro del tiempo están sentados el amigo y el crítico; hay aquí aplausos y gritos, abucheos y gruñidos de queja; en breve, todo lo que se haya podido ver u oír en el Teatro Real.

Examinemos esto con un caso: por ejemplo, en el comportamiento del gran público frente a la escena que la naturaleza se complació en mostrar en el capítulo 12 del Libro anterior a éste, cuando presentó a Jorge el Negro escapándose con las 500 libras de su amigo y benefactor.

Quienes estaban sentados en la galería superior del mundo [—los asientos más baratos—] trataron dicho incidente, estoy bien seguro, con sus vociferaciones habituales; y probablemente se dio suelta en dicha ocasión a todo tipo de vocabulario malsonante para reprobarlo.

Si hubiésemos descendido al siguiente orden de espectadores, habríamos encontrado un grado igual de aborrecimiento, aunque menor de ruido y malsonancia; y aun así las buenas mujeres le encomendaban a Jorge el Negro al diablo, y muchas esperaban que de un momento a otro vendría el caballero del pie hendido a buscar a quien le pertenecía por derecho propio.

La platea, como de costumbre, estaba sin duda dividida,: los que se complacen con la virtud heroica y el carácter perfecto pusieron objeciones a que se presentase semejante género de villanía sin darle un severo castigo por dar ejemplo. Algunos de los amigos del autor exclamaron—"Miren, caballeros, ese hombre es un canalla, pero es que la naturaleza es así". Y todos los jóvenes críticos del momento, los escribientes, aprendices, etc., lo llamaron de mal gusto, y se quedaron refunfuñando.

En cuanto a los palcos [—los asientos más caros, entonces y ahora—], se comportaron con su cortesía habitual. La mayoría estaban atendiendo a algún otro asunto. Algunos de los pocos que prestaron alguna atención a la escena declararon que era un hombre de mala clase; mientras que otros se negaron a dar su opinión hasta haber oído antes la de los mejores jueces.

Ahora bien, nosotros, que tenemos derecho a pasar entre las bambalinas de este gran teatro de la naturaleza (y ningún autor debería escribir otra cosa que diccionarios y libros de ortografía a menos que tenga este privilegio) podemos censurar la acción, sin por ello pasar a detestar absolutamente a la persona, a quien quizá la naturaleza no tenía pensado asignar un papel malo en sus dramas: porque en este caso la vída es igual punto por punto al escenario, ya que a menudo es la misma persona la que representa al villano y al héroe, y quien hoy se gana vuestra admiración, probablemente atraerá vuestro desprecio mañana. Al igual que Garrick, a quien considero en que en la tragedia es el mayor genio que haya dado jamás el mundo, a veces se aviene a hacer el papel de tonto; igual hicieron Escipión el Grande y Lelio el Sabio, según Horacio, hace muchos años: es más, Cicerón asegura que eran "increíblemente infantiles". —Éstos, ciertamente, hacían el tonto, como mi amigo Garrick, sólo en broma; pero varios eminentes personajes, en casos sin número de sus vidas, han hecho el tonto de modo egregio completamente en serio; hasta el punto de producir alguna duda sobre si predominaba en ellos la sabiduría o la estupidez; o si merecían más el aplauso o la censura, la admiración o el desprecio, el amor o el odio de la humanidad.

De hecho las personas que hayan pasado algún tiempo en las traseras del escenario de este gran teatro, y conozcan a fondo no sólo los diversos disfraces que allí se ponen, sino también el comportamiento fantasioso y caprichoso de las pasiones, que son los empresarios y directores de este teatro, (porque en lo tocante a la Razón, el titular del teatro, se sabe que es un individuo muy vago y que rara vez se esfuerza)—esas personas seguramente habrán aprendido a interpretar el famoso nil admirari de Horacio, o, dicho con la expresión inglesa, no mirar fijamente a nada (o no sorprenderse de nada).

Una única mala acción no hace a un villano en la vida, como no lo hace un único papel malo en el escenario. Las pasiones, como los empresarios de un teatro, a menudo les imponen los papeles a los hombres, sin consultar su criterio y a veces sin considerar para nada sus talentos. Así, el hombre, al igual que el actor, puede condenar aquello en lo que él mismo está actuando; aún más, es frecuente ver al vicio asentado en algunos hombres de modo tan postizo como lo estaría el carácter de Yago en el rostro honrado del sr. William Mills.

En conjunto, pues, el hombre sincero y con buen entendimiento nunca se apresura a condenar. Puede censurar una imperfección, o incluso un vicio, sin rabia hacia el culpable. En una palabra, son igualmente necios, igualmente infantiles, igualmente mal educados, e igualmente mal intencionados, los que levantan clamores y escándalos tanto en la vida como en el escenario. Los peores de los hombres normalmente tienen las palabras villano y canalla en la boca, igual que los sujetos más bajos son los primeros que gritan malo en la platea.


lunes, 26 de septiembre de 2022

Chromaggia

Confidencias de una Vedette Furibunda

Confidencias de una Vedette Furibunda

La teatralidad del género

 

Cómo es el cerebro de las personas trans

La evolución del dividuo social y de los espacios públicos

 La evolución del dividuo social y de los espacios públicos: https://www.academia.edu/86981466/

 

Spanish Abstract: Este artículo introduce el concepto de 'dividuo', basado en el enfoque interaccionista simbólico sobre la identidad social. La identidad personal y social, y la subjetividad, se constituyen como resultado de los roles sociales y comunicativos. Relacionamos los marcos que estructuran la realidad social segun el análisis de Erving Goffman, con las posibilidades y modos de interaccion social convencionalizados que posibilitan, y con las tecnologías de la comunicación que los posibilitan a ellos. La teoría de los marcos sirve así de base a una semiótica interaccional de los géneros literarios y de los roles textuales (por ej. la autoría, el lector implícito, etc.). La Red y las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación estan llevando las estructuras de auto-interacción del individuo, junto con las estructuras interaccionales entre individuos, a nuevos niveles de complejidad. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ English Abstract: This paper introduces the concept of the dividual, based on the symbolic interactionist approach to social identity. Personal and social identity — and subjectivity — are constitued as a result of the internalization of social and communicative roles. Frames structuring social reality according to Erving Goffman''s analysis are related to the conventionalized possibilities and modes of social interaction they enable, and to the technologies of communication which enable them. An interactional semiotics of literary genres and textual roles (e.g. authorship, the implied reader, etc.) is thus grounded on frame theory. The Web and the information and communication technologies of the electronic age are taking the (in)dividual's self-interactional structures, together with the interactional structures between individuals, to new levels of complexity.

SIEMPRE DENTRO DEL TEATRO

sábado, 24 de septiembre de 2022

Frame Theory

 Retropost, 2012:


Frame theory has many antecedents in literature and critical thought, but it was explicitly developed by Gregory Bateson and Erving Goffman in the second half of the 20th century. It is very useful to account for any kind of phenomena in semiotics and in social life, but it is especially relevant to the analysis of literature and of performance.

According to frame theory, we structure reality in frames—that is, in groups of signs that "go together", big composite structures of signs which have a clear border, a frame, separating them from other sign structures. Frames are useful therefore to organize signs, to allow our mind to process a number of signs as having something in common, and to isolate chunks of reality from one another. As such, frames also serve to organize the structure of reality, and to make it manageable: we can easily move frames around, transform them, open and close them. We can recycle one frame in one context and apply it to another.

Frames organize social life and activities. For instance, in engaging in a coordinated activity, we open up a frame, and we behave accordingly: we focus our attention on the elements of the frame, and temporarily we disattend things that fall outside the frame.

An example: a class is a frame. It is a shared activity with delimited borderlines, in time and space. It has rules and conventions of its own, we assume specific roles when we are in class.  Notice that architecture also helps: a classroom helps to isolate the frame of the class, it gives it architectural coherence so to speak, and prevents interruptions from other coordinated activities (other classes, people engaging in social conversation, etc.). A class is a piece of socially structured reality, a conventional reality if you want, which we attend more or less to while we are engaged in it. Many other examples from work may come to mind: a meal in a restaurant, a social encounter with a friend in the street, the interaction between the shop assistant and the customers in a shop, etc. Frames are a handy way to understand and organize how social activities are carried out and coordinated.

Now, literature and drama are one such social activity. Even if we speak of solitary reading, the reader is interacting with a text. Reading requires disattending in part the physical world around you and opening up a frame in the middle of it—the frame we may identify with the work. A dream is of course a frame in our reality, and perhaps our oldest experience of virtual reality. A literary work is partly like a dream in this sense: a technology of virtual reality, through the use of language, texts, and frames of discourse. A literary work, a poem, a narrative, is a frame which opens in our reality and allows the presence, or the embedding, of a different reality while we read the work. Reality is suspended for the time being, and we are transported to Middlemarch, or to Robinson Crusoe's island, or to ancient Rome. We attend the represented speech of virtual characters, and we reconstruct the virtual world of the book thanks to our imagination, the speech of the characters, and the narrative discourse of the authorial voice.

The occasion for the literary frame may be solitary reading, or some kind of communal interaction: for instance, recitation by a poet or a storyteller. In this case the frame opens up within a social encounter, an event. Something similar happens in the case of drama: the oral performance of literature is already half dramatic. A narrative opens up a space of imagined reality, different from the here-and-now, but this imagined reality may become much more immersive if it becomes multimedia—I am not speaking of videogames here, but of the first multimedia experience in virtual reality—drama.

Erving Goffman's Frame Analysis (1974) is the most elaborate discussion of frame theory in all aspects of social life, including drama. Goffman often discusses drama, which is an important analogy of social life in his theory, but we shall not go further into his analysis in that book. It is a book which must be read by those who want a deeper insight into the nature of reality, but it would require a course in itself. We shall examine, though, his dramatistic theory of social behaviour as expounded in an earlier book, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.

There are several important elements to take into account in frame analysis:

1) the establishing of frames: the kind of framing which is established to separate one frame from another, the "material" used to delimit the border of the frame, and the ways in which framing is sustained.

2) The formal structuring of frames relative to each other: i. e. whether they coexist on different planes, whether one is contained by another, whether they are sequential….

3) The managing of frames—how initial assumptions about framing change along with the experience of the frames. For instance, how a piece of experience which seemed to be lacking a frame is shown to be contained by a frame which appears retrospectively, retroactively "reframing" the whole.

4) The transformations of frames: how frames may be "keyed" to use Goffman's vocabulary. For instance, in drama, a performance may be a "serious" performance or a rehearsal. Keyings are a way to organize a new aspect of experience by transforming or reusing an existing frame.

5) Frame-breaking.  It is essential to establish and separate frames, and it is also essential to know when and how to break them. Depending on the kind of activity and of frame there may be many ways of breaking frame—but let us use as an instance the most obvious one, the image stepping outside of the picture and becoming real, crossing the frame which seemed to contain it.

6) Related to frame-breaking, but really a different issue: interferences between frames. For instance, the way a framed  section of experience is altered in subtle ways by the very fact that it is framed: the image which adapts itself to its frame, in painting or photography—or the dialogue in drama which is not "natural" because the characters are not really speaking only to one another, they are also speaking for the benefit of an audience whose presence they ignore.



Goffman: La realidad como expectativa autocumplida




miércoles, 21 de septiembre de 2022

Life as a Waking Dream

 Retropost, 2012:

Clotaldo medita sobre Segismundo, en  Life Is a Dream, la traducción de La vida es sueño por Edward Fitzgerald:

    So sleep; sleep fast: and sleep away those two
     Night-potions, and the waking dream between
     Which dream thou must believe; and, if to see
     Again, poor Segismund! that dream must be.—
     And yet, and yet, in these our ghostly lives,
     Half night, half day, half sleeping, half awake,
     How if our waking life, like that of sleep,
     Be all a dream in that eternal life
     To which we wake not till we sleep in death?

     How if, I say, the senses we now trust
     For date of sensible comparison,—
     Ay, ev'n the Reason's self that dates with them,
     Should be in essence or intensity
     Hereafter so transcended, and awake
     To a perceptive subtlety so keen
     As to confess themselves befool'd before,
     In all that now they will avouch for most?
     One man—like this—but only so much longer
     As life is longer than a summer's day,
     Believed himself a king upon his throne,
     And play'd at hazard with his fellows' lives,
     Who cheaply dream'd away their lives to him.
     The sailor dream'd of tossing on the flood:
     The soldier of his laurels grown in blood:
     The lover of the beauty that he knew
     Must yet dissolve to dusty residue:
     The merchant and the miser of his bags
     Of finger'd gold; the beggar of his rags:
     And all this stage of earth on which we seem
     Such busy actors, and the parts we play'd,
     Substantial as the shadow of a shade,
     And Dreaming but a dream within a dream!









An Actor's Epitaph

 

An epitaph for an player or mime, Vitalis (8th-9th c.), translated from the Latin by Richard Axton:

I used to mimic the face, manner, and words of those talking,
So that you would think many people spoke from one mouth.
The subject, presented with a twin image of himself before his eyes,
Would tremble to see a more real self existing in my faces.
Oh, how often a lady saw herself in my performance,
And blushed for shame, horribly embarrassed.
Thus, as many human forms as were seen in my body
Were snatched away with me by the dismal day of death.


Vaya drama

(Simon Trussler, The Cambridge Illustrated History of British Theatre, 6).





Teatro Romano de Mérida

Muerte de un viajante

 

DSC01002

Drama and Theatre

 

2012 - Beginning my course on English drama....

Literature is by and large a discursive phenomenon, a collection of texts, a set of linguistic practices. Literary works are made of words. Now, if literature is defined by its medium, written or printed discourse, drama is multimedia. Of course there is also "oral literature" (—a contradiction?) which is linked to live performance, and may therefore have a theatrical quality. But a book, a written text, is a well-defined medium. Drama may be written or printed—and read, just like any other poem or novel. In that sense we may speak of drama as part of literature, as a literary genre. But drama is also composed to be staged, and there it is multimedia: the words of the literary text interact with the presence and body of the actors, with gestures, acting, with staging conventions. In that sense, drama is literary, but theatre is multimedia. This ambivalence will be found everywhere; we may stress the literary aspect of drama, or its theatrical potential; we may read a play, or we may watch a performance, and we shall be experiencing drama in different ways. Some theories of drama emphasize its literary side, others emphasize spectacle and performance. Some dramatists are more literary, some are more theatrical. And some dramatic companies, too, are more literary and attentive to the text, while others emphasize theatricality, spectacle and acting. So the issue of mediality has to be acknowledged every time we encounter drama and theatre.

Here we shall use both terms interchangeably in many contexts, but when we need to emphasize live performance we will speak of "theatre" and when we emphasize the linguistic or literary aspect we will speak of "drama".

The twentieth century saw a certain reaction against "wordy" theatre or literary drama—although it was an age of powerful and innovative literary drama. But many directors and actors (and dramatists themselves) emphasized acting, spectacle, visual symbolism, creative staging and nonverbal communication; other semiotic dimensions apart from language are discovered and emphasized: lights, gesture, music, objects, space…

In studying a play, therefore, we may focus on the text or on the text in a specific performance—or a kind of performance, for instance, on the typical performance in a given theatrical tradition. That is, we may focus on the drama as literature, or on the theatrical aspect of the play. From a semiotic viewpoint, we may also speak in this case of the theatrical text, only we use here text in an extended sense, meaning not words but other kinds of signs.

Some aspects of the written play point to the theatrical text: these are called the stage directions. They may be missing in some authors or traditions; sometimes they are supplied by editors, not by the playwright. In many modern dramatists, such as Valle Inclán, Beckett or Tennessee Williams, the stage directiosn may be quite elaborate, showing that the author wants to control not only the text, but also the way it is performed; not suprisingly, sometimes such modern dramatists direct their own plays, or express annoyance when a company keeps the text but disregards the stage directions—part of the theatrical text as the dramatist understands it.

The main text in drama consists in the direct presentation of characters' words (and their actions, in the case of theatre). The author is silent, present like an invisible God in the world, but letting his characters speak and act without his intervention. Of course there may be exceptions: in "epic" drama (epic in the sense of narrative) there may be a narrator, a kind of author-figure whose discourse mediates the world of the stage and the world of the audience.  Sometimes a non-dramatic work may be adapted to the stage (e.g. Don Quijote) and then many options are open: the character's words may be preserved, or expanded and supplied where they are missing; the narrator's discourse may be suppressed or kept usually in a more marginal position as an epic or voice-over narrator.

In narrative the narrator's voice acts as a mediator between the authorial creation and the characters' world. For instance, sometimes the narrator is a kind of author, reading the characters' minds, but still he is "in the middle" in the sense that he presents the world of the characters as fact and not fiction—Although there are many possibilities and variations. In drama, such mediating figures may appear, too, between the world of the interacting characters and the world of the audience. Sometimes a chorus or narrator will address the audience; Shakespeare uses this device in some of his plays.

It is only to be expected that the most "literary" dramas will be those which work best as literature. Theatrical spectacles which rely on acting, situation, gesture or music rather than drama will belong to the history of the stage, or to the history of music, but not to literary history. For instance, opera combines music, song, story, text and acting, but operatic librettos are rarely considered significant works of literary art. The same goes for pantomimes or music-hall spectacles. The works which we study in this course are important literary texts which were also theatrically successful., for the most part (exceptions like Milton's Samson Agonistes).  Milton's text is an instance of closet drama, drama written to be read, not performed, although of course nothing prevents its being performed. Seneca's plays in the Roman period were influential instances of closet drama, much studied and imitated by the Elizabethan dramatists for their own theatrical plays.

A performance may complete or supplement the words of the dramatic text into significant action and gesture. Sometimes the acting and staging are so significant and prominent that they not only illustrate or "translate" the dramatic text—they may also interpret it, complete it or add to it, sometimes enter into a complex relationship with it, perhaps adding to the performance a number of meanings which are not to be found in the dramatic text as originally written by the author. A dramatic work may be written by one person, although sometimes we collaborate with others without even knowing it. But a theatrical performance is like a film, it is not the work of one person but of a whole team: author, adaptor, translator, director, manager, actors and the rest of the team behind the scenes—makeup, music, sound, light, stage hands, etc.


 




viernes, 16 de septiembre de 2022

El Mundo como Teatro


Platón, República (s. IV a.c.)

(Sócrates:) "Piensa entonces, Adeimanto, si nuestros guardianes deberían o no ser aficionados a las imitaciones. O, antes bien, ¿no ha quedado decidida ya esta cuestión con la regla ya establecida, según la cual un hombre puede hacer bien sólo una cosa, y no muchas; y que quien se dedica a muchas no conseguirá mucha fama en ninguna de ellas?
(A.). Ciertamente
(S.). ¿Y esto también es cierto de la imitación: que nadie puede imitar muchas cosas tan bien como imitaría una sola?
(A.). En efecto, no puede.
(S.). Entonces, la misma persona mal podrá representar un papel serio en la vida, y a la vez ser un imitador e imitar muchos otros papeles. Porque incluso en el caso en el que dos tipos de imitación están muy ligados, las mismas personas no pueden tener éxito en ambos, como, por ejemplo los escritores de tragedias y los de comedias—¿no las llamaste imitaciones, hace un momento?
(A.). Sí que lo hice, y tienes razón al pensar que las mismas personas no pueden tener éxito en ambas cosas.
(S.). ¿Como tampoco pueden ser a la vez rapsodas y actores a la vez?
(A.). Cierto.
(S.). Ni tampoco emplean los autores cómicos y trágicos a los mismos actores; y no obstante todas estas cosas son imitaciones.
(A.). Lo son.
(S.). Y la naturaleza humana, Adeimanto, parece haber sido acuñada en monedas aún menores, y ser tan incapaz de imitar muchas cosas bien, como de llevar bien a cabo las acciones copiadas por las imitaciones.

(...)

¿No has observado acaso cómo las imitaciones que comienzan a una edad temprana y que continúan mucho tiempo en la vida al final desarrollan hábitos, y se convierten en una segunda naturaleza, que afecta al cuerpo, a la voz y a la mente?

(...)

En lo que se refiere al hombre de vida ordenada (...), cuando llega el momento de describir algún dicho o acción de otro hombre bueno—creo que de buena gana lo representará, y no se avergonzará de efectuar este tipo de imitación: estará muy deseoso de interpretar el papel del hombre bueno cuando actúa con firmeza o con sabiduría." (Libro III).

—oOo—

Platón, Filebo:

"Sócrates: El razonamiento nos indica, pues, que en los duelos y en las tragedias y comedias, no sólo en el teatro sino también en toda la tragedia y comedia de la vida, los dolores están mezclados con los placeres, y también en otras muchísimas ocasiones." (50)


—oOo— 

Platón: Las Leyes: 

"también nosotros, en la medida de nuestras capacidades, somos dramaturgos, y nuestro drama es el mejor y el más noble, porque la totalidad de nuestro Estado es una imitación de la vida mejor y más noble, lo cual afirmamos que es efectivamente la verdad misma del drama. Vosotros sois poetas y nosotros somos poetas . . . rivales y antagonistas en el más noble de los dramas." 

—oOo— 


Epicuro (c. 300 a.C.)

Satis magnum alter alteri theatrum sumus — Somos teatro más que suficiente unos para otros. Un dicho criticado por Bacon en su ensayo "Of love".

 —oOo— 

Cicerón (s. I a.C.)

Recuerda que los más grandes (dolores) terminan con la muerte; que los pequeños tienen muchos intervalos de calma, y que los medianos somos dueños nosotros de soportarlos, si son tolerables; y, si no lo son, de retirarnos serenamente de la vida, como de un teatro, cuando no nos agrada. (De finibus bonorum et malorum, 1,49)


 —oOo— 



Séneca, Epístola 80.7

 ..."este drama de la vida humana, en el que se nos asignan los papeles que tan mal hemos de representar." Séneca pasa a contraponer la realidad del pobre actor con los regios papeles que representa: ""Allí está el hombre que se pasea por el escenario con andares orgullosos y con la frente levantada.." 



 —oOo—

Epicteto, Manual, §17 (siglo I):

"Recuerda que eres actor de un drama, con el papel que quiera el director: si quiere uno corto, corto; si uno largo, largo; si quiere que representes a un pobre, represéntalo con nobleza: como a un cojo, un gobernante, un particular. Eso es lo tuyo: representar bien el papel que te han dado; pero elegirlo es cosa de otro."


—oOo—

San Agustín (siglo IV): 

"También nosotros estamos actuando en la vida, en este mimo nuestro."



—oOo—


Para Honorio de Autun (siglo XII), el sacerdote es  un "tragicus" que representa para el pueblo de Dios, en el teatro de la iglesia, el esfuerzo de Cristo y les imprime la victoria de su redención.

—oOo—



A partir del siglo XII, el amor cortés y el ideal caballeresco literarizado se adoptan en la vida social aristocrática como role models — a modo de una teatralización de la vida social, siguiendo patrones literarios.

 —oOo—



Michel de Montaigne, Ensayos (I, XX), sobre la indiferencia a la muerte:

"Y en el peor de los casos, la distribución y variedad de todos los actos de mi comedia se acaba en un año. Si os habéis fijado en el movimiento de mis cuatro estaciones, habréis visto que abarcan la infancia, la adolescencia, la virilidad y la vejez del mundo. Ha interpretado su papel. No sabe sino volver a empezar. Siempre será igual." (Ensayos completos, 135)



                                                               —oOo—


Ephemerality of the court masque too in Daniel: "Are they shadows that we see" (Thetys' Festival). 


—oOo—

Cervantes, Don Quijote (II.xii), tras el encuentro con la carreta de los comediantes de las Cortes de la Muerte:

—Todavía—respondió Don Quijote—, si tú, Sancho, me dejaras acometer, como yo quería, te hubieran cabido en despojos, por lo menos, la corona de oro de la Emperatriz y las pintadas alas de Cupido; que yo se las quitara al redropelo y te las pusiera en las manos.
—Nunca los cetros y coronas de los emperadores farsantes—respondió Sancho Panza—fueron de oro puro, sino de oropel o hoja de lata.
—Así es verdad—replicó Don Quijote—; porque no fuera acertado que los atavíos de la comedia fueran finos, sino fingidos y aparentes, como lo es la mesma comedia, con lo cual quiero, Sancho, que estés bien, teniéndola en tu gracia, y por el mismo consiguente a los que las representen y a los que las componen, porque  todos son instrumentos de hacer un gran bien a la república, poniéndonos un espejo a cada paso delante, donde se veen al vivo las acciones de la vida humana, y ninguna comparación hay que más al vivo nos represente lo que somos y lo que habemos de ser como la comedia y los comediantes. Si no, dime: ¿no has visto representar alguna comedia adonde se introducen reyes, emperadores y pontífices, caballeros, damas y otros diversos personajes? Uno hace el rufián, otro el embustero, éste el simple discreto, otro el enamorado simple; y acabada la comedia y desnudándose de los vestidos della, quedan todos los recitantes iguales.
—Sí he visto—respondió Sancho.
—Pues lo mesmo—dijo Don Quijote—acontece en la comedia y trato deste mundo, donde unos hacen los emperadores, otros los pontífices, y, finalmente, todas cuantas figuras se pueden introducir en una comedia; pero en llegando al fin, que es cuando se le acaba la vida, a todos les quita la muerte las ropas que los diferenciaban, y quedan iguales en la sepultura.
—Brava comparación—dijo Sancho, aunque no tan nueva, que yo no la haya oído muchas y diversas veces, como aquella del juego del ajedrez, que mientras dura el juego cada pieza tiene su particular oficio; y en acabándose el juego, todas se mezclan, juntan y barajan, y dan con ellas en una bolsa, que es como dar con la vida en la sepultura.
—Cada día, Sancho—dijo Don Quijote—, te vas haciendo menos simple y más discreto.


—oOo—

Shakespeare, Soneto 15:

When I consider every thing that grows
Holds in perfection but a little moment,
That this huge stage presenteth nought but shows
Whereon the stars in secret influence comment;
When I perceive that men as plants increase,
Cheered and cheque'd even by the self-same sky,
Vaunt in their youthful sap, at height decrease,
And wear their brave state out of memory;
Then the conceit of this inconstant stay
Sets you most rich in youth before my sight,
Where wasteful Time debateth with Decay,
To change your day of youth to sullied night;
And all in war with Time for love of you,
As he takes from you, I engraft you new.

 
 
—oOo—


As You Like It  (II.7):


DUKE SENIOR

    Thou seest we are not all alone unhappy:
    This wide and universal theatre
    Presents more woeful pageants than the scene
    Wherein we play in.

JAQUES

    All the world's a stage,
    And all the men and women merely players:
    They have their exits and their entrances;
    And one man in his time plays many parts,
    His acts being seven ages. At first the infant,
    Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms.
    And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel
    And shining morning face, creeping like snail
    Unwillingly to school. And then the lover,
    Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad
    Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier,
    Full of strange oaths and bearded like the pard,
    Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel,
    Seeking the bubble reputation
    Even in the cannon's mouth. And then the justice,
    In fair round belly with good capon lined,
    With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,
    Full of wise saws and modern instances;
    And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts
    Into the lean and slipper'd pantaloon,
    With spectacles on nose and pouch on side,
    His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide
    For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,
    Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
    And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,
    That ends this strange eventful history,
    Is second childishness and mere oblivion,
    Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything. 





De ahí quizá el lema del Globe Theatre — y su nombre: "Totus mundus agit histrionem" (quizá 'todos somos actores' o quizá 'todos imitamos a los actores').



 Macbeth 5.5. 23-27:

Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage
And then is heard no more. It is a tale
Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury
Signifying nothing.



The Tempest 4.1.148-58:

Our revels now are ended; these our actors,
As I foretold you, were all spirits, and
Are melted into air, into thin air;
And like the baseless fabric of this vision,
The cloud-capped towers, the gorgeous palaces,
The solemn temples, the great globe itself,
Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve,
And like this insubstantial pageant faded
Leave not a rack behind. We are such stuff
As dreams are made on; and our little life
Is rounded by a sleep. 

—more on Shakespearean metadrama here: "Nought but shows - Music for a while".


—oOo—

Sir Walter Ralegh, "On the life of man":
What is our life? a play of passion;
Our mirth, the music of division:
Our mothers’ wombs the tiring houses be,
Where we are dressed for this short comedy;
Heaven the judicious sharp spectator is,
That sits and marks still who doth act amiss;
Our graves that hide us from the searching sun
Are like drawn curtains when the play is done:
Thus march we playing to our latest rest;
Only we die in earnest, that’s no jest.



—oOo—



Cervantes y el teatro vivido de "El curioso impertinente"

Y más sobre la vida como teatro.


—oOo—

John Donne, from Holy Sonnets, "This Is My Playes Last Scene"

This is my play's last scene; here heavens appoint
My pilgrimage's last mile; and my race,
Idly, yet quickly run, hath this last pace,
My span's last inch, my minute's latest point;
And gluttonous death will instantly unjoint
My body and my soul, and I shall sleep a space;
But my'ever-waking part shall see that face
Whose fear already shakes my every joint.
Then, as my soul to'heaven, her first seat, takes flight,
And earth-born body in the earth shall dwell,
So fall my sins, that all may have their right,
To where they'are bred, and would press me, to hell.
Impute me righteous, thus purg'd of evil,
For thus I leave the world, the flesh, the devil.

—oOo—

  Francisco de Quevedo, Epicteto y Phocílides en español con consonantes (Madrid, 1635):

No olvides que es comedia nuestra vida
y teatro de farsa el mundo todo
que muda el aparato por instantes
y que todos en él somos farsantes;
acuérdate que Dios, de esta comedia
de argumento tan grande y tan difuso,
es autor que la hizo y la compuso.
Al que dio papel breve,
solo le tocó hacerle como debe;
y al que se le dio largo,
solo el hacerle bien dejó a su cargo.
Si te mandó que hicieses
la persona de un pobre o un esclavo,
de un rey o de un tullido,
haz el papel que Dios te ha repartido;
pues solo está a tu cuenta
hacer con perfección el personaje,
en obras, en acciones, en lenguaje;
que al repartir los dichos y papeles,
la representación o mucha o poca
solo al autor de la comedia toca.
 —oOo—



Calderón, El Gran Teatro del Mundo, (1655):

 El personaje del Autor (Dios) habla al Mundo:
Pues soy tu Autor, y tú mi hechura eres,
hoy, de un concepto mío
la ejecución a tus aplausos fío.
Una fiesta hacer quiero
a mi mismo poder, si considero
que solo a ostentación de mi grandeza
fiestas hará la gran naturaleza;
y como siempre ha sido
lo que más ha alegrado y divertido
la representación bien aplaudida,
y es representación la humana vida,
una comedia sea
la que hoy el cielo en tu teatro vea.
Si soy Autor y si la fiesta es mía,
por fuerza la ha de hacer mi compañía.
Y pues que yo escogí de los primeros
los hombres , y ellos son mis compañeros,
ellos, en el Teatro
del mundo, que contiene partes cuatro,
con estilo oportuno
han de representar. Yo a cada uno
el papel le daré que le convenga,
y porque en fiesta igual su parte tenga
el hermoso aparato
de apariencias, de trajes el ornato,
hoy prevenido quiero
que, alegre, liberal y lisonjero,
fabriques apariencias
que de dudas se pasen a evidencias.
Seremos, yo el Autor, en un instante,
tú el teatro, y el hombre el recitante.
                                                 (36-66)


(el Autor responde a un pobre que se queja de su papel:)

En la representación
igualmente satisface
el que bien al pobre hace
con afecto, alma y acción
como el que hace al rey, y son
iguales este y aquel
en acabando el papel.
Haz tú bien el tuyo y piensa
que para la recompensa
yo te igualaré con él.
No porque pena te sobre,
siendo pobre, es en mi ley
mejor papel el del rey
si hace bien el suyo el pobre;
uno y otro de mí cobre
todo el salario después
que haya merecido, pues
con cualquier papel se gana,
que toda la vida humana
representaciones es.
Y la comedia acabada
ha de cenar a mi lado
el que haya representado,
sin haber errado en nada,
su parte más acertada;
allí igualaré a los dos. (409-34)



—oOo—




—oOo—

From The Short Oxford History of English Literature, by Andrew Sanders (1994)

"In the Preface to Castle Rackrent [1800] Edgeworth had recognized the fluid relationship between her fiction and the writing of history. In a way that prefigures Thackeray's suspicion of the elevation of fancy-dress heroes by historians, she states her preference for a history which looks beyond the 'splendid characters playing their parts on the great theatre of the world' and which begs to be admitted behind the scenes 'that we may take a nearer view of the actors and actresses'."



—oOo—

Sartre, La nausée.  El camarero interpretando el papel de camarero.



—oOo—


Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality— social roles based on secondary socialization following the individual's primary acquisition of a social identity and a world in childhood:

"Secondary socialization is the internalization of institutional or institution-based 'sub-worlds'. Its extent and character are therefore determined by the complexity of the division of labour and the concomitant social distribution of knowledge" (1966: 158)

"This makes it possible to detach a part of the self and its concomitant reality as relevant only to the role-specific situation in question. The individual then establishes distance between his total self and its reality on the one hand, and the role-specific partial self and its reality on the other. This important feat is possible only after primary socialization has taken place. Put crudely once more, it is easier for the child 'to hide' from his teacher than from his mother. Conversely, it is possible to say that the development of this capacity 'to hide' is an important aspect of the process of growing into adulthood" (1966: 162)

—oOo—



A note to David Marshall's The Figure of Theater: Shaftesbury, Adam Smith, Defoe, and George Eliot (Columbia University Press, 1986): 


Introd., note 6:

In addition to the works cited above, there is a rich and growing body of studies which focuses on theater, theatricality, role-playing, play, and related topics in a variety of disciplines and historical periods. Questions about the theatrical conditions of the self and its relation to others are addressed throughout the works of Jean-Paul Sartre and Kenneth Burke. Maurice Merleau-Ponty discusses "le spectacle du monde," "le théâtre de l'imaginaire"," and the other as "spectateur étranger" in Phénoménologie de la perception (Paris: Gallimard, 1945), (pp. iii, v, vii). In sociology, Erving Goffman's work (especially The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1959) is concerned with role-playing and the theatrical relations of everyday life; while in anthropology, Clifford Geertz has presented important analyses of theatrical dynamics in Balinese culture. (See "Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight" in The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays [New York: Basic Books, 1973], pp. 412-453, and Negara: The Theater State in Nineteenth-Century Bali [Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980], pp. 98-136). Richard Sennett discusses roles, actors and spectators, and the theaters of public and private life in The Rise of Public Man (New York: Vintage, 1978). Relevant discussions of play include D. W. Winnicott, Playing and Reality (London: Tavistock, 1982); Gregory Bateson, "A Theory of Play and Fantasy," in Steps to an Ecology of Mind (New York: Ballantine Books, 1972), pp. 177-193; Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method (New York: The Seabury Press, 1975), pp. 91-150; and Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture (Boston: The Beacon Press, 1955). The significance of the role-playing and spectator-spectacle dynamics in the Renaissance is discussed in Stephen Orgel, The Illusion of Power: Political Theater in the English Renaissance (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975); Stephen Greenblatt, Sir Walter Raleigh: The Renaissance Man and His Roles (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973) and Renaissance Self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980); Margaret Ferguson, "Nashe's The Unfortunate Traveller: The 'News of the Maker' Game," English Literary Renaissance (1981), 11(2):165-182; Thomas Greene, "The Flexibility of the Self in Renaissance Literature," and A. Bartlett Giamatti, "Proteus Unbound: Some Versions of the Sea God in the Renaissance," in Peter Demetz et al., eds. The Disciplines of Criticism: Essays in Literary Theory, Interpretation, and History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968), pp. 241-264 and 437-476. Peter Brooks discusses the importance of melodrama for the nineteenth-century novel in The Melodramatic Imagination: Balzac, Henry James, Melodrama, and the Mode of Excess (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976). Norton Batkin analyzes the problem of theatricality in the work of Paul Strand (see Photography and Philosophy, Diss. Harvard 1981). Finally, in Worlds Apart: Market and Theater in Anglo-American Thought, 1550-1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), a work which treats some of the same issues and authors considered in this book, Jean-Christophe Agnew traces the history of the relation between theater and the markeplace. I cite these various studies both to map some of the territory that forms a context and a background for my own work and to suggest some of the many roads that (inevitably) I have not taken.



 —oOo—



"Somos teatreros: El sujeto, la interacción dialéctica y la estrategia de la representación según Goffman." Artículo de José Angel García Landa:
    

 
—oOo—

Juan Luis Arsuaga y M. Martín-Loeches: El gran juego.






—oOo—


De estas cuestiones teatrales y dramatísticas, y de la Vida como Teatro Viviente, tratamos con frecuencia en nuestro blog sobre EL GRAN TEATRO DEL MUNDO. Donde continúa, que no termina, la trama.









jueves, 8 de septiembre de 2022

Jorge Prado Zavala

 

Prado Zavala, Jorge. Academia (Jorge Prado Zavala).*

         https://iems.academia.edu/JorgePradoZavala

         2022

Fallece Isabel II

 La jefa del Estado de parte de España: 






Racine - Andromaque

 

lunes, 5 de septiembre de 2022

'Inner Dramatization': The Theatre of Interiority in George Herbert Mead

 
'INNER DRAMATIZATION': THE THEATRE OF INTERIORITY IN GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
 
 
Erving Goffman's dramatistic theory of the self, in which self-experience is constituted through the interiorization of social roles and relationships, is anticipated in George Herbert Mead's book Mind, Self, and Society.  Mead begins by defining the human gesture as a symbol—criticizing the Darwinian theories which emphasized a continuum between humans and animals in the expression of emotions between humans and animals:
  It is quite impossible to assume that animals do undertake to express their emotions. They certainly do not undertake to express them for the benefit of other animals. The most that can be said is that the 'expressions' did set free a certain emotion in the individual, an escape valve, so to speak, an emotional attitude which the animal needed, in some sense, to get rid of. They certainly could not exist in these lower animals as means of expressing emotions; we cannot approach them from the point of view of expressing a content in the mind of the individual. We can, of course, see how, for the actor, they may become definitely a language. An actor, for example, may undertake to express his rage, and he may do it by an expression of the countenance, and so convey to the audience the emotion he intended. However, he is not expressing his own emotion but simply conveying to the audience the evidence of anger, and if he is successful he may do it more effectively, as far as the audience is concerned, than a person who is really angered. There we have these gestures serving the purpose of expression of the emotions, but we cannot conceive that they arose as such a language in order to express emotion. Language, then, has to be studied from the point of view of the gestural type of conduct within which it existed without being as such a definite language. And we have to see how the communicative function could have arisen out of that prior sort of conduct. (Mind, Self, and Society 16-17).
 
Here is an account of the origin of a self and a complex interiority on the basis of the internalization of social interaction (MSS, 172-73)—this is a later and evolved phase of a more general phenomenon, which begins with more simple organisms relating to their environment; only here the environment includes the self and its social world. Thus, Mead provides a materialist and interactionalist account of the origin of consciousness and the self which is also dramatistic, i.e. reliant on the objectivization and symbolization of roles:
 
"Through self-consciousness the individual organism enters in some sense into its own environmental field; its own body becomes a part of the set of environmental stimuli to which it responds or reacts. Apart from the context of the social process at its highest levels—those at which it involves conscious communication, conscious conversations of gestures, among the individual organisms interacting with it—the individual organism does not set itself as a whole over against its environment; it does not as a whole become an object to itself (and hence is not self-conscious); it is not as a whole a stimulus to which it reacts. On the contrary, it responds only to parts or separate aspects of itself, and regards them, not as parts or aspects of itself at all, but simply as parts or aspects of the environment in general. Only within the social process at its higher levels,and also in the merely physiological environment or situation which is logically antecedent to and presupposed by the social process of experience and behavior, it does not become an object to itself. In such experience or behavior as may be called self-conscious, we act and react particularly with reference to ourselves, though also with reference to other individuals; and to be self-conscious is essentially to become an object to one's self in virtue of one's social relations to other individuals.
       Emphasis should be laid on the central position of thinking when considering the nature of the self. Self-consciousness, rather than affective experience with its motor accompaniments, provides the core and primary structure of the self, which is thus essentially a cognitive rather than an emotional phenomenon. The thinking or intellectual process—the internalization and inner dramatization, by the individual, of the external conversation of significant gestures which constitutes his chief mode of interaction with other individuals belonging to the same society—is the earliest experiential phase in the genesis and development of the self. Cooley and James, it is true, endeavor to find the basis of the self in reflexive affective experiences, i.e., experiences involving 'self-feeling'; but the theory that the nature of the self is to be found in such experiences does not account for the origin of the self, or of the self-feeling which is supposed to characterize such experiences. The individual need not take the attitudes of others toward himself in these experiences, since these experiences merely in themselves do not necessitate his doing so, and unless he does so, he cannot develop a self; and he will not do so in these experiences unless his sellf has already originated otherwise, namely, in the way we have been describing. The essence of the self, as we have said, is cognitive; it lies in the internalized conversation of gestures which constitutes thinking, or in terms of which though or reflection proceeds. And hence the origin and foundations of the self, like those of thinking, are social."
 
 
(From ch. 23: "Social attitudes and the physical world"):
 
"The self is not so much a substance as a process in which the conversation of gestures has been internalized within an organic form. This process does not exist for itself, but is simply a phase of the whole social organization of which the individual is a part. The organization of the social act has been imported into the organism and becomes then the mind of the individual. It still includes the attitudes of others, but now highly organized, so that they become what we call social attitudes rather than rôles of separate individuals. This process of relating one's own organism to the others in the interactions that are going on, in so far as it is imported into the conduct of the individual with the conversation of the 'I' and the 'me' , constitutes the self.
      The value of this importation of the conversation of gestures into the conduct of the individual lies in the superior co-ordination gained for society as a whole, and in the increased efficiency of the individual as a member of the group. It is the difference between the process which can take place in a group of rats or ants and bees, and that which can take place in a human community. The social process with its various implications is actually taken up into the experience of the individual so that that which is going on takes place more effectively, because in a certain sense it has been rehearsed in the individual. He not only plays his part better under these conditions but he also reacts back on the organization of which he is a part." (178-79)
 
 ______________
 

George Herbert Mead, Mind, Self, and Society from the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist. Ed. Charles W. Morris.  Chicago: U of Chicago P,  1934. 1967.

 
 
—oOo—

Realidad histórica y personalidad

 Según Miguel de Unamuno (en La Agonía del Cristianismo): Habría que distinguir, ante todo, entre la realidad y la personalidad del sujeto h...