Eficacia adaptativa del autoengaño en el altruismo

Retropost, 2014:

Un comentario de Ellen Spolsky en la Narrative-L:

Robert H. Frank, Passions within Reason: The Strategic Role of the Emotions  (New York: Norton, 1988) argues that "really" wanting to help others is the best way to convince others of your altruism and thus to provoke their reciprocal cooperation.  The earlier Alexander-Trivers hypothesis, summarized by Nesse and Lloyd in Jerome H. Barkow, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby, The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture  (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992): 603ff, describes the basis on which the most successful behavior is said to result from self-delusion.  

I send this along in support of Fear's admonition that lying is complicated, because it often works, and because we need it to work. Sometimes. 

Traduzco— en Pasiones razonables: El papel estratégico de las emociones (Nueva York: Norton, 1988) arguye que el querer ayudar a los otros "de verdad" es la mejor manera de convencerles de tu altruisimo, y de provocar así que recíprocamente cooperen con nosotros. La hipótesis previa de Alexander-Trivers, resumida por Nesse y Lloyd en La Mente Adaptada: La psicología evolucionista y la generación de la cultura, ed. Jerome H. Barkow, Leda Cosmides y John Tooby (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992), 603ss., describe la base sobre la cual se dice que el comportamiento más exitoso resulta del autoengaño. 
Envío esto en apoyo de la admonición de Fear al efecto de que la mentira es complicada, porque a menudo funciona, y porque necesitamos que funcione. A veces.

William Fear mandaba este mensaje:

First, as a psychologist, I would advise extreme caution about any truth claims made in psychology about a) lying and b) being able to detect a lie.  A good psychologist will begin with the definition of a lie and once you get into the psychology of lying you know that defining a lie is extremely difficult if at all possible.  Others will beg to differ but I hold fast to my ground.
I happily, however, strongly recommend the following great read
("Truth, Lies and Bullshit: distinguishing classes of dishonesty", by Martin Caminada)

http://homepages.abdn.ac.uk/martin.caminada/pages/publications/dishonesty.pdf

As a final word, if you want to really get into the issues of lying & psychology then you need to look at the interrogation literature.  Much of the US interrogation techniques literature is now declassified and can be found online.
 
Volviendo a Spolsky—la idea central es que hasta la cooperación sincera y "desinteresada" es interesada, pues busca alianzas sociales, o reciprocidad; el altruismo es adaptativo en un ser social inteligente como el hombre precisamente porque integra al individuo y refuerza los lazos sociales. También se desprende del razonamiento que la "sinceridad" o creencias de un individuo sobre sus motivaciones son sólo la nata de la psicología—y que por razones distintas de las que pensaba Freud, nuestras motivaciones no son transparentes para nosotros mismos, nuestra consciencia sobre ellas es una superestructura o una ilusión. Un autoengaño, también, si se quiere. Pero un autoengaño que cumple una función. Muchas veces se hacen críticas superficiales a la religión, por ejemplo—que si es falsa, que si la gente no la cree en realidad, o finge creerla.... Pero la religión es un mecanismo de cohesión social que precisamente al proponer falsedades que invitan al autoengaño, promueve este tipo de socialidad integrativa y recíproca. Quien dice religión dice también otro tipo de ideales sociales—la pasión que le echa la gente al fútbol, pongamos, u otros fenómenos parecidos, claro que el fútbol ya cuenta prácticamente como religión.

También la sinceridad en las relaciones personales se apunta aquí como una construcción, una construcción destinada a construir sobre ella una mutualidad y una cooperación. Por eso es adaptativo el autoengaño: como somos buenos detectando mentiras, es mejor convencerse de que, o no estamos mintiendo, para pasarlas mejor, o no estamos detectando mentiras, si conviene mantener la alianza social. Por eso se produce ese otro fenómeno de que el desvelamiento de una mentira lleva al desvelamiento de muchas más—probablemente iban en cadena no sólo los engaños, sino también los autoengaños que impedían detectarlos y mantener una relación mutua de cooperación altruista.

Tesis sobre el autoengaño

 

 

 

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Evolution and Our Inner Conflict

The Fable of the Bees

Bernard Mandeville

Feeling for Our Friend

 (from William Godwin's Thoughts on Man, Essay XI, 'Of Self-Love and Benevolence')

 

It is then indeed a proof of selfishness, that we are in a greater or less degree relieved from the anguish we endured for our friend, when other objects occupy us, and we are no longer the witnesses of his sufferings? If this were true, the same argument would irresistibly prove, that we are the most generous of imaginable beings, the most disregardful of whatever relates to ourselves. Is it not the first ejaculation of the miserable, "Oh, that I could fly from myself? Oh, for a thick, substantial sleep!" What the desperate man hates is his own identity. But he knows that, if for a few moments he loses himself in forgetfulness, he will presently awake to all that distracted him. He knows that he must act his part to the end, and drink the bitter cup to the dregs. He can do none of these things by proxy. It is the consciousness of the indubitable future, from which we can never be divorced, that gives to our present calamity its most fearful empire. Were it not for this great line of distinction, there are many that would feel not less for their friend than for themselves. But they are aware, that his ruin will not make them beggars, his mortal disease will not bring them to the tomb, and that, when he is dead, they may yet be reserved for many years of health, of consciousness and vigour.

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Of Self-Love and Benevolence

 

 

Un pasaje de los Thoughts on Man de William Godwin que no deja de recordar lo que es la tesis central del What Is Man?  de Mark Twain— sobre la subterránea conexión entre altruismo y egoísmo. 

 

In the time of the ancient republics the impulse of the citizens was to merge their own individuality in the interests of the state. They held it their duty to live but for their country. In this spirit they were eeducated; and the lessons of their early youth regulated the conduct of their riper years.

In a more recent period we have learned to model our characters by a different standard. We seldom recollect the socieety of which we are politically members, as a whole, but are broken into detached parties, thinking only for the most part of ourselves and our immedate connections and attachments.

This change in the sentiments and manners of modern times has among its other consequences given birth to a new species of philosophy. We have been taught to affirm, that we can have no express and pure regard for our fellow-creatures, but that all our benevolence and affection come to us through the strainers of a gross or a refined self-love. The coarser adherents of this doctrine maintain, that mankind are in all cases guided by views of the narrowest self-interest, and that those who advance the highest claims to philanthropy, patriotism, generosity and self-sacrifice, are all the time deceiving others, or deceiving themselves, and use a plausible and high-sounding language merely, that serves no other purpose than to veil from observation "that hideous sight, a naked human heart."

 

(William Godwin, Thoughts on Man, Essay XI: Of Self-Love and Benevolence)

 

 

Eficacia adaptativa del autoengaño en el altruismo

 

 

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